The use of ultrasound to identify milk ejection in women – tips and pitfalls

Additional file 1:

Milk ejection movie 1. Outward signs of milk ejection may be observed as increasing bulging under the areola. This phenomenon is due to milk duct dilation and the superficiality of the ducts in this region. Milk can also be seen to drip from the nipple in some women at milk ejection.

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Additional file 2:

Milk ejection movie 2. Ultrasound video of milk ejection in the un-suckled breast during breast pumping. Milk flow can be seen as movement of echogenic flecks within the milk duct at milk ejection. This woman has minimal duct dilation with the duct increasing from 2.0 mm to 2.6 mm. Note all of the ducts expand and display milk flow at milk ejection.

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Additional file 3:

Milk ejection movie 3. Ultrasound video of milk ejection in the un-suckled breast during breast pumping. Milk flow can be seen as movement of echogenic flecks within the milk duct at milk ejection and duct dilation is obvious.

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Additional file 4:

Milk ejection movie 4. Ultrasound video of milk ejection in the un-suckled breast during breast pumping. Forward milk flow (to the left of the image) is observed within the ducts initially and then backward flow (to the right of the image) occurs soon after when milk is not removed from the breast.

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Additional file 5:

Milk ejection movie 5. Ultrasound imaging of a superficial palpable lump formed after a ruptured abscess in a previous lactation. The mass increases in size and the hypoechoic ductal structures within the mass also expand.

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